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在物理课堂教学中教学目标的分解与达成

作者:刘德荣  人气: 1647 次  时间:2011年10月08日  星级:

广东省广州市白云区江高二中 刘德荣
摘要:在物理课堂教学中,针对教学目标的达到程度不高的现象,本文提出用课堂教学目标分解的办法,能突出重点,分散难点,更好的达成教学目标。通过研究归纳总结得出“逐层深入分解法”、“解剖法”、“‘助产术’引导法”、“联系对比法分解”等四种常见的教学目标分解方法。通过课堂教学实践发现用教学目标的分解方法能更好的提高课堂效率,达成教学目标。

  关键词:物理课堂 目标分解 目标达成

  一、物理课堂教学目标现状

  教学目标是课堂教学所要达到的标准,有了明确的教学目标才能选择正确的教学方法,才能有效的开展课堂教学。就现在物理课堂教学的目标调查[1]来看,教学目标在广大的教师的教案上只是一种排设,教案上的三维教学目标写得很清晰,但是没有真正达到教学目标的要求。很多教师着重于传递知识,忽略了过程方法和情感态度与价值观的培养。能真正在课堂上达成三维目标的教师很少。因此物理课堂教学的效率不高,物理成绩提不起来,很多学生都没有兴趣学习物理。新课标改革已经很多年了,新课标要求把一维目标变成了三维目标,从原来的传播知识到现在的引导学生探究获取知识,这是教学改革的进步。那么物理课堂教学中如何才更好的达成教学目标呢?如何才能提高物理课堂的效率?如何去改变物理课堂效率低下的现状呢?在物理课堂教学中用教学目标分解的方法能大大提高课堂的效率,能把教学难点分散,大大提高学生的学习兴趣,而且能有效引导学生进行学习探究,培养科学创新能力。

  二、教学目标分解研究的目的,内容与价值,和可行性分析

  (一)教学目标分解的目的

  因为现在物理课堂上对教学目标的达成效率不高,教学目标不明确,所以要把不明确的教学目标进行更细致的分解。比如:新课程标准对初中物理的教学目标定位就是:“提高全体学生的科学素质”。如果我们只是知道这个目标就是初中物理培养的目标,不深入去解读的话,根本不知道如何去操作。就好像国家有了宪法,如果没有其他法规做具体的规定的话,法律的体系是不完整的,操作性不强。所以每本书有每本书的目标,每章书有每章书的目标,每节课有每节课的目标,每个小目标都是围绕着总的目标展开的。新课标中的物理教学目标是物理教学总目标,相当于“金字塔”的最顶部,每节课的目标是“金字塔”的底部。如何才能更好的达成每节课的目标呢?那就必须对每一个知识点,特别教学目标中的难点分解,使每一节的教学目标得到落实。

  (二)教学目标分解的内容和价值

  本文研究的方向就是每一节课的教学目标如何分解和达成,特别是每节课中重点难点如何用教学目标分解的方法突破,使学生明白每节课要达到的目标。初中物理学习的内容不多,涉及到的知识有声,光,热,力,电,总的知识点也不算多。所以我们完全可以做到把每节课的目标进行分解。如果能够做到每节课都进行目标分解的话,那么对教学的重点难点突破将会起到很大的作用,这也是为什么研究教学目标的价值所在。

  (三)教学目标分解的操作与可行性研究

  如何提高教学目标分解的操作性呢?首先必须深入解读新课程标准,如果连课程标准都不明确的话,教学目标的分解就会没有方向或者分解后会与课程标准相背离,所以,要进行教学目标的分解就必须深入解读课程标准。其次,必须认真阅读地方对中考考点的要求,毕竟我们还要进行升学考试,教学的难易度必须要把握好才能更好的引导学生学习,如果难度超出学生的接受范围的话,那么也背离了我们的教学目标。最后,教学目标分解必须结合学生的实际情况进行开展,原因就是学生的学习程度是有很多差异的,如果程度差的就将教学目标分的更细,让学生真正是通过老师的引导而学习,不是灌输式的学习,有利于学生的创新能力培养。要提高教学目标分解的可行性就必须依靠集体备课的力量,通过集体的讨论后再根据自己学生的情况而分解可行性更高。

  三、教学目标分解方法研究

  新课程标准中对教学的目标达到程度分成认识、了解、理解、科学探究、掌握运用等几个层次。而且物理课根据内容的不同,按内容来通常分为概念定理课,实验探究课,复习课等。因此按课型的不同和内容层次的要求不同,总结归纳了以下四种教学目标分解法:逐层深入分解法、解剖法、“助产术”引导法、联系类比分解法等几种常用的方法。

  (一)逐层深入分解法

  逐层深入法就是把教学目标中的内容分成几个有层次性的问题,先从最简单直观的问题开始讨论,达到一个小目标后就沿着更深层次的目标进行探究,步步为营地向着目标前进,最后达到实现教学目标的目的。逐层深入法可以运用到难点的突破上,所谓的难点就是有很多很多的小知识点综合在一起,学生一下子很难理解,但是通过每个知识点逐步深入学习,把难点通过分解的办法分散了,学习起来就容易很多了。而且对学生学习物理的兴趣和物理学习方法的培养也是一个好的方法。初中物理关键是培养学生的兴趣,培养研究物理的初步思维。如果学生学会了用目标分解的方法去学习物理,对培养他的创新能力有很大的帮助。逐层深入法多运用于新概念和新定理的学习。例如:课程标准要求“了解内能的概念”。首先要学生了解分子在不停的做运动,了解分子间会有力的作用。然后逐层深入,引导学生得出运动的分子具有分子动能,受力的分子会有分子势能,从而引出分子的内能。最后在深入学习所有分子的动能和分子势能之和就是物体的内能。内能的概念是一个比较抽象的概念来的,但是经过逐层的深入分解,然难点分散了,理解起来也非常简单。又如:新课程标准中要求“知道牛顿第一定律的内容”。这个目标看起

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