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教学参考

瓦特

作者：vip  人气： 2394 次  时间：2004年12月07日  星级：

瓦特（1736－1819）是苏格兰发明家。1736年1月19日生于苏格兰格林诺克。童年时代的瓦特曾在文法学校念过书，然而没有受过系统教育。瓦特在他父亲做工的工厂里学到许多机械制造知识，以后他到伦敦的一家钟表店当学徒。

　　我们可能听到过童年时代的瓦特和茶壶的故事。一天晚上，瓦特和一个小女孩在家里喝茶，瓦特不停地摆弄茶壶盖，一会打开，一会盖上，当它把茶壶嘴堵住时，蒸汽顶开了壶盖。在旁的外祖母对瓦特的这种“无聊动作”极为不满，加以训斥，瓦特并不介意，他一心想着蒸汽的力量。

　　这段故事即使是真的也不能说蒸汽机是瓦特发明的。历史事实说明瓦特只是对蒸汽机作了重大的改革。

　　1763年瓦特到格拉斯哥大学工作，修理教学仪器。在大学里，他经常和教授讨论理论和技术问题。有一次，一台纽可门蒸汽机损坏，要瓦特修复。纽可门蒸汽机是靠蒸汽进入汽缸推动活塞上升的，然后再喷射冷水，汽缸的温度降低，供蒸汽凝结，汽缸内部形成部分真空，大气压将活塞推回。瓦特在修理这种蒸汽机时，清楚了全部工作原理，找到了它消耗大量燃料的症结。

　　1765年他动手设计一个与汽缸分离的冷凝器，汽缸外装上绝热套子，使它一直保持高温，新的蒸汽机的效率大大提高。瓦特并不满足于已经取得的成就，1781年他又制造了从汽缸两边推动活塞的双动作蒸汽机，并采用曲柄机构，使往复的直线运动转变为旋转运动。瓦特还设计了离心节速器，利用反馈原理控制蒸汽机的转速。经过一系列的改革，蒸汽机迅速被各工业部门采用，为产业革命铺平了道路。

　　由于瓦特对蒸汽机的改进所作的重大贡献，

　　1785年他被选为皇家学会会员。

　　1819年8月25日瓦特在靠近伯明翰的希斯菲德逝世。

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