教育部重点推荐学科网站

帮助中心
微信登录,您好!有效期: 0 资金余额:
  • 会员中心 | 退出登录
  • 资金余额:
  • 可用:
  • 经验积分:
  • 待阅短信:
  • 待签文章:
  • 登录次数:

当前位置:首页 > 教学参考> 教学研究> 教学论文 > 内容详情

实验复习的基本思路和对策

作者:王军  人气: 1947 次  时间:2006年05月09日  星级:

王 军

实验是物理学的基础,实验考查是中考的主要内容之一。近几年中考物理题中实验题的数量及分值呈上升趋势,实验新题型不断出现,灵活性更强、尽可能的动手可操作的体验性更强、与生活联系STS实验的试题增多了。
实验题基本包括四类:1)实验仪器和测量工具的使用;2)学生做过的验证性实验和测量性实验:包括实验目的、实验原理、实验器材、实验步骤、实验数据及数据处理、误差分析等;3) 探究及设计性实验:包括提出探究的问题、根据物理思想设计实验探究过程、分析实验数据4)与生活用联系的STS实验:包括教师在课堂上做过的演示实验、画在课本上的小实验、生活和生产中的一些简单的实验。
如何有效的对实验进行复习在此谈谈自己的几点看法:
一、重视新课标的实施及中考的改革使实验考查随着相应的变化:
课程标准将作为学业考试的命题依据,今年课改试验区物理教材的版本不尽相同,而学业考试的内容标准应该基于课程标准中相应的要求,而不是教材本身。新课程标准改变了单纯以知识传承为目的的传统教学手段。考试的改革应该与课程改革的精神相一致。
物理中考应该充分体现“从生活走向物理,从物理走向社会”、“注重科学探究”、“注重学科渗透”这些充满时代气息又符合学生发展要求的理念,
同时全面反映课程目标三方面的要求,不仅要考查知识和技能,也要重视过程与方法,以及情感态度与价值观。
理化实验操作考试可能单独分开,对学生的实验技能提出更高的要求;2005年中考的理化实验考试,部分课改实验区统一命题和组织考试,实验考试的总分值将会提高。
 
二、加强平时的实验教学,锻炼学生动手实践的能力:
学生的动手能力不是一朝一夕能锻炼出来的,教师只有在平时的教学中为学生尽可能多地提供机会,并及时地加以指导纠正。除了一些基本的分组实验外,还要适当增加一些命题实验,即给出要求,让学生自己设计实验方案,选择器材进行实验,这有点像考试中的探究题,不同之处在于,前者是由学生在实验室中亲自去完成这一活动,后者只是在纸上谈兵。  对于小实验,课后要积极动手。在总复习中有的实验一定要再动力做一做。
三、加强基本仪器的使用和基本实验技能的训练:
初中物理包括11种基本仪器:刻度尺、量筒、弹簧秤、压强计、天平、温度计、电流表、电压表、变阻器、电能表及测电表,基本仪器的使用是实验的基础,是进行测量型实验和探究性实验的工具,是中考实验考查必考内容;对于这些基本的仪器要求做到:1)知道仪器的用途和工作原理2)认真观察仪器的结构和铭牌,弄清各种数据(量程、分度值、额定值等)的含义;3)使用前会对仪器正确的调节4)会按正确的步骤对仪器进行操作5)正确读出和记录仪器仪表的示数
四、测量型实验是探究和设计的基础:
内容涉及到初中物理6个测定性的实验,它们分别是:
1).用钟表和刻度尺测变速直线运动的平均速度
2).用天平和量筒测固体和液体的密度
3).用弹簧测力计测浮力
4).用弹簧测力计和刻度尺测滑轮组的机械效率
5).用伏安法测电阻
6).用伏安法测电功率
在这六个测定性的实验中,不仅要考察同学们对基本测量仪器的正确使用,而且还要考察同学们运用物理知识进行实验,来分析问题、解决问题的综合能力。是对过程与方法考查。
五、实验探究是中考的热点和方向:
探究实验题旨在考查学生的科学探究能力,题目的内容可以涉及到探究要素中的一个、两个或三个。考查探究能力应该基于大纲所要求的知识点。考查的形式不仅可以针对探究过程,也可以是探究方法和思想。设计实验中的步骤,分析实验数据做出结论,评价实验中的错误和不足。
此类题目学生失分较多,而题目的分值又大,这往往是拉开档次的题目之一。复习中要加强这一方面的训练,尤其是做题的完整性。此部分的复习方法应在掌握一定的物理研究方法(尤其是控制变量法)的基础上,系统全面地复习每个实验的基本内容,然后带着疑问走进实验室,反复操作练习,观察实验现象,分析实验结果,从而弥补知识上的不足。
中考卷中的实验探究题在各种复习资料中基本上是找不到原题的,探究的问题往往不是课本中现成的内容,试题的背景来源于课本上的重要概念、规律、重要的实验,也可来源于生活、自然现象。
复习中注意收集和分析对教材中的演示实验或分组实验进行变形或重组的实验题。
例如,采用“伏安法测电阻”的方法,通过观察灯泡的亮度来研究导体的电阻与温度有关,并对此探究过程,要求提出改进意见或指出不足,就是此类典型试题。针对这样问题,考生对待教材中的实验设计、方法步骤、实验结论要多反思和质疑,多想想如果不这样做,还可以怎样做;以及判断哪种做法更好,依据是什么;评价的依据可侧重这样的几方面:科学性、可行性、环境保护、数据的准确性、是否节能以及经济效益等
六、注重联系生活实际,体现物理与STS之间的关系的实验
利用身边容易获得的材料进行的实验,目的是让学生在平时学习物理的过程中体会到“物理就在我身边”。
生活中信息源随处可见,各种商品的说明、须知、用法及列车时刻表等都向人们提供着信息,善于迅速从资料中选择出自己需要的信息是人们在生活中应具有的能力,因此近两年围绕铭牌、说明书、表头等命出了一些信息类题,应引起重视,考试中信息的给予方式可以是图表或文字,要掌握解答此类问题的大致步骤,平时培养较强的阅读能力,收集有益信息的能力。

用户评论

(以下评论仅代表网友意见,与本站立场无关)

网友评论共 0
[{"id":136,"name":"电子课本","url":"/wlzx/List_136.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":137,"name":"人教版课本","url":"/wlzx/List_137.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":140,"name":"人教八年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_140.html","target":"_self"},{"id":141,"name":"人教八年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_141.html","target":"_self"},{"id":142,"name":"人教九年级全册","url":"/wlzx/List_142.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":138,"name":"沪科版课本","url":"/wlzx/List_138.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":143,"name":"沪科八年级全册","url":"/wlzx/List_143.html","target":"_self"},{"id":144,"name":"沪科九年级全册","url":"/wlzx/List_144.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":139,"name":"苏科版课本","url":"/wlzx/List_139.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":160,"name":"新苏科版八年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_160.html","target":"_self"},{"id":179,"name":"新苏科版八年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_179.html","target":"_self"},{"id":185,"name":"新苏科版九年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_185.html","target":"_self"},{"id":186,"name":"新苏科版九年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_186.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":145,"name":"沪粤版课本","url":"/wlzx/List_145.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":154,"name":"新沪粤八年级上","url":"/wlzx/List_154.html","target":"_self"},{"id":155,"name":"新沪粤八年级下","url":"/wlzx/List_155.html","target":"_self"},{"id":159,"name":"新沪粤九年级上","url":"/wlzx/List_159.html","target":"_self"},{"id":162,"name":"新沪粤九年级下","url":"/wlzx/List_162.html","target":"_self"},{"id":146,"name":"沪粤八年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_146.html","target":"_self"},{"id":147,"name":"沪粤八年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_147.html","target":"_self"},{"id":148,"name":"沪粤九年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_148.html","target":"_self"},{"id":149,"name":"沪粤九年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_149.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":150,"name":"北师大版课本","url":"/wlzx/List_150.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":151,"name":"北师大版八年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_151.html","target":"_self"},{"id":152,"name":"北师大版八年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_152.html","target":"_self"},{"id":153,"name":"北师大版九年级","url":"/wlzx/List_153.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":180,"name":"教科版电子课本","url":"/wlzx/List_180.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":181,"name":"教科版八年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_181.html","target":"_self"},{"id":182,"name":"教科版八年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_182.html","target":"_self"},{"id":183,"name":"教科版九年级上册","url":"/wlzx/List_183.html","target":"_self"},{"id":184,"name":"教科版九年级下册","url":"/wlzx/List_184.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":187,"name":"上教版电子课本","url":"/wlzx/List_187.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":188,"name":"上教版八年级上册课本","url":"/wlzx/List_188.html","target":"_self"},{"id":193,"name":"上教版八年级下册课本","url":"/wlzx/List_193.html","target":"_self"},{"id":189,"name":"上教版九年级上册课本","url":"/wlzx/List_189.html","target":"_self"},{"id":194,"name":"上教版九年级下册课本","url":"/wlzx/List_194.html","target":"_self"}] }] },{"id":1277,"name":"考试大纲","url":"/wlzx/List_1277.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":1403,"name":"中考大纲","url":"/wlzx/List_1403.html","target":"_self"},{"id":1404,"name":"课程标准","url":"/wlzx/List_1404.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":1278,"name":"教学研究","url":"/wlzx/List_1278.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":1405,"name":"教学论文","url":"/wlzx/List_1405.html","target":"_self"},{"id":1406,"name":"课题研究","url":"/wlzx/List_1406.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":1279,"name":"备课参考","url":"/wlzx/List_1279.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":1407,"name":"参考资料","url":"/wlzx/List_1407.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":27,"name":"声学参考资料","url":"/wlzx/List_27.html","target":"_self"},{"id":26,"name":"光学参考资料","url":"/wlzx/List_26.html","target":"_self"},{"id":28,"name":"热学参考资料","url":"/wlzx/List_28.html","target":"_self"},{"id":24,"name":"力学参考资料","url":"/wlzx/List_24.html","target":"_self"},{"id":25,"name":"电磁学参考资料","url":"/wlzx/List_25.html","target":"_self"},{"id":29,"name":"综合知识资料库","url":"/wlzx/List_29.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":1408,"name":"物理图库","url":"/wlzx/List_1408.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":62,"name":"声热学图片","url":"/wlzx/List_62.html","target":"_self"},{"id":61,"name":"光学图片","url":"/wlzx/List_61.html","target":"_self"},{"id":60,"name":"电磁学图片","url":"/wlzx/List_60.html","target":"_self"},{"id":59,"name":"力学图片","url":"/wlzx/List_59.html","target":"_self"}] }] },{"id":1280,"name":"实验探究","url":"/wlzx/List_1280.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":1409,"name":"科学探究","url":"/wlzx/List_1409.html","target":"_self"},{"id":1410,"name":"物理实验室","url":"/wlzx/List_1410.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":1281,"name":"物理广角","url":"/wlzx/List_1281.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":1411,"name":"物理前沿","url":"/wlzx/List_1411.html","target":"_self"},{"id":1412,"name":"物理学家","url":"/wlzx/List_1412.html","target":"_self"}] },{"id":1282,"name":"学生园地","url":"/wlzx/List_1282.html","target":"_self",children: [{"id":1413,"name":"趣味物理","url":"/wlzx/List_1413.html","target":"_self"},{"id":1414,"name":"生活科普","url":"/wlzx/List_1414.html","target":"_self"},{"id":1416,"name":"学习指导","url":"/wlzx/List_1416.html","target":"_self"}] }]