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彩色汽油与光干涉

作者：佚名  人气： 3138 次  时间：2005年11月27日  星级：

雨过天晴，汽车驶过积水的柏油马路，会形成一片片油膜，在阳光下呈现出美丽的颜色。原来无色透明的汽油，怎么会变成彩色的呢？这是光的干涉现象造成的。

在平静的水塘中丢下一块石头，水面就会激起一圈圈涟漪。如果从同样的高度，同时丢下两块大小相同的石头，它们激起的水波相遇时，波动情况就大不一样，在两列水波相遇的区域，水面起伏更剧烈。某些地方的水面特别低。水面好像是一幅美丽的图案：从中心向外，不仅有成同心圆状的高低相间的圈圈，而且有辐射状的高低相间的条条。两列水波相遇后叠加的情况，物理学上叫做水波的干涉。

同样，两列光波相遇时也会发生干涉。飘浮在水面上的油膜，在各处的厚度是不一样的。当光线照在油膜上时，一部分会被油表面反射，另一部分进入油膜内部，被油膜下面的水表面反射。阳光是由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫七种颜色的光组成的复色光。当它在油膜的正面和背面反射相遇时，就要产生干涉现象，有的光线互相加强，有的光线互相减弱，甚至完全抵消。加强或减弱取决于光波的波长和薄膜的厚度。由于油膜的厚度各处都不一样，阳光中的不同波长的单色光在不同厚度的地方，有的会得到加强，有的却会减弱，甚至相互抵消。这样，油膜上有些地方就显得红一些，有些地方显得蓝一些，呈现出瑰丽的色彩。

不仅油膜会形成光的干涉，光线射入任何透明薄膜时，都会发生这种现象。比如肥皂泡、晴蜒或苍蝇或苍蝇的翅膀，在阳光的照射下，也显得色彩缤纷。

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