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当前位置:首页 > 教学参考> 实验探究> 物理实验室 > 内容详情

制作电池

作者:佚名  人气: 1651 次  时间:2004年10月07日  星级:

【目的和要求】

  了解电池的构造和工作原理,学会制作空气电池和锌锰干电池。

【仪器和器材】

  木炭粉(木炭碾成粉末,越细越好,如果没有现成木炭,用木柴烧些炭屑碾成粉),碳棒(从废干电池中拆取),纯锌皮(也可从旧干电池拆取,用砂纸擦亮代替),氯化铁和食盐各15克,热水100毫升,1.5伏小灯泡,玻璃杯,纱布,棉线。

  锌筒完好的旧干电池,淀粉适量,氯化锌溶液100毫升,木棒,沥清,直流伏特计(J0408型或J0408-1型),1.5伏小灯泡。

【实验方法】

  无论哪种电池,都有两个电极,一个是正极,一个是负极。正极和负极之间是溶液(电解质)。

  一、空气电池

  这种电池的正极是空气中的氧气,负极是锌皮。锌皮与氯化铁溶液反应产生带正电的氢离子,氢离子通过溶液移到炭粉周围,遇空气中氧化合成水,达到去极化作用,氢离子所带正电通过碳棒送出形成电流。碳棒不参加反应,只起导电作用。加进食盐是增加溶液的导电能力。锌空气电池不能产生持续电流。

  制作步骤:

  1.碳棒四周放上碳粉,用纱布包好,并用棉线扎起来,只让碳棒上有铜帽一头露在外面(图3·3-1)。

  2.把锌皮包扎在炭粉芯子的外面,在铜帽和锌皮上分别接上一段导线。

  3.玻璃杯内盛半杯热水,把氯化铵和食盐溶解在热水里,这就是电池的溶液。

  4.把包好锌皮的炭粉芯浸到玻璃杯溶液中,就是一个简单的电池。把小灯泡用导线接在两极上,小灯泡发光(图3·3-2),说明电路有电流通过。

  5.过一会儿小灯泡光就暗了。把小灯泡取下,把锌皮包着的炭粉芯取出在空气里放一会儿,等炭粉周围又吸附了新鲜氧气后,再浸入溶液中,接上灯泡又能发光。可如此反复多次。

  二、干电池

  干电池是比较普遍使用的电源,其构造如图3·3-3所示。其中锌筒在电池中作负极,顶端带有铜帽的碳棒在电池中作正极。

  二氧化锰和石墨混合物,用纸包在碳棒周围,上面用细线缠绕。二氧化锰在电池中是去极作用(与氢离子结合生成水)。石墨不参加化学反应,它是一种能导电的填充料,它和二氧化锰混合在一块,可以使二氧化锰均匀分散,增加二氧化锰与氢的接触面积。饱和氯化线溶液作的糊状物为电池电解液。火漆封口的作用是防止电池电解波的蒸发。

  制作步骤:

  1.先将旧干电池铜帽周围的纸盖去掉,挖出火漆,用木棒将碳棒周围的二氧化锰和石墨混合物排出倒在纸上,取出碳棒。再将锌筒内壁的粘着物处理干净,但防止弄烂锌筒。

  2.将二氧化锰石墨混合物粉碎无颗粒后,再用氯化铵溶液搅拌均匀。

  3.用氯化铵调淀粉成浆糊状。

  4.用比较硬的纸条缠成纸筒,纸筒的直径约为锌筒直径的三分之二,把碳棒立在正中央。然后填入用氯化铵溶液拌好的二氧化锰石墨混合物。用小木棒围绕碳棒夯打实,高度约为碳棒的三分之二时,取下缠绕的硬纸条,轻轻的用纸包好,再用纱线缠几圈即可。

  5.作一圆纸片放在锌筒的底部,以防碳棒与锌筒直接接触。再把包好的碳棒放在锌筒内,倒入作好的氯化铵浆糊。距锌筒上沿约1厘米。

  6.把中间有与碳棒直径相同的孔的圆纸环,套在碳棒上压入锌筒内,使其距锌筒上沿约半厘米。

  7.把熔化的沥清浇在纸杯上面,与锌筒上沿平齐为止。

  8.干电池制好后,用直流伏特计测一下它的电压,再将1.5伏小灯泡接在它的两极间。

【注意事项】

  1.氯化铵溶液必须是饱和的,搅拌二氧化锰和石墨混合物时湿度以不流动为宜。

  2.作空气电池时锌皮必须是纯锌,否则实验效果不佳。

【参考资料】

  如果制作空气电池和干电池材料有困难,可以学习制作盐泥电池。

  器材:无颗粒的细面土500克,食盐40克,水150克,碳棒(从废干电池中取得),锌皮(废电池锌筒敲平,刮净后用沙纸打光亮,剪成长方形),铁丝,铝丝,钢丝,直流伏特计,1.5伏小灯泡,喇叭或耳机,导线若干,木板,水。

  制作步骤:

  1.将食盐先溶解在水里,再倒入细土,搅拌均匀成糊状的泥。把泥放在木板上。

  2.把碳棒、锌片插进盐泥中,经过数分钟后,盐泥电池就制成了。

  3.用直流伏特计测盐泥电池的两极电压,碳棒为正极,锌片为负极,量程用“-、3”两接线柱(电压约1.5伏)

  4.在盐泥中再插入铁丝、铜丝、铝丝,用伏特计分别测出碳棒——铁丝、碳棒——铜丝、碳棒——铝丝、铜丝——铝丝、铁丝——铝丝各极之间的电压及正负极。伏特计正走时“+”接电池正极,“-”接电池负极,反走则相反。并且比较哪两个电极间电压最高。

  5.将1.5伏小灯泡接在碳棒、锌片两极上,观察小灯泡的发光情况。

  6.将盐泥分成3等分,在3块泥中分别插入碳棒——锌片、铜丝——铝丝、铁丝——锌片。再将3个盐泥电池测出正负极后,接成串联电源,用伏特计测出串联后总电压,若将其中一个电池的方向串反了,看串联后总电压是升高还是降低。

  7.将喇叭或耳机接在盐泥电池的两极上碰触,会听见“喀巴”声响,想一想这是为什么?

  注意事项:

  1.要做成功盐泥电池,碳棒的作用是主要的。做完实验后。将碳棒取出,洗去泥土,晾干,以备下次用。

  2.与碳棒连接的导线最好用金属夹子,以保证接触良好。

  3.一般来说,掺盐的多少和锌片面积,以及两板的相对距离,对电压高低没有很大的影响,但对电流影响较大。

  4.盐泥电池的内阻比一般电池要大,它只用于瞬间通电的实验。

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