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湖北省枣阳市兴隆二中　谢江涛
 




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湖北省枣阳市兴隆二中　谢江涛
 




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    【内容简介】
湖北省枣阳市兴隆二中　谢江涛
 




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雷电是大气中一种剧烈的放电现象。由于云层相互摩擦、碰撞而使不同的云层带不同的电，当电压达到可以穿过空气的程度以后，临近的两片云层会发生放电现象，产生电花和巨大的响声。放电时的电流可达几万安到十几万安，产生很强的光和声。放电如果通过人体，能够立即致人死亡，如果通过树木、建筑物，巨大的热量和空气的振动都会使它们受到严重的破坏。
 

 
避雷针是一种防止直接雷击的装置。它的作用是将高空的雷电引向自身，使之泻入大地，从而保护周围的建筑物。实际上，避雷针在我国出现最早．据《谷梁传》《左传》《淮南子》等著作记载，在我国南北朝时期即出现了为防止雷击而在建筑物上安装“避雷室”。宋朝以来，许多建筑物都有不同形式的“雷公柱”。广西真武阁四柱不落地，德庆县文庙四柱不顶天，都是古代建筑师为使厅堂的人有地方避开雷击，消除了电学上所称“跨步电压”的危险。

 
现代避雷针是美国科学家富兰克林发明的。富兰克林认为闪电是一种放电现象。为了证明这一点，他在1752年7月的一个雷雨天，冒着被雷击的危险，将一个系着长长金属导线的风筝放飞进雷雨云中，在金属线末端拴了一串铜钥匙。当雷电发生时，富兰克林手接近钥匙，钥匙上迸出一串电火花。手上还有麻木感。幸亏这次传下来的闪电比较弱，富兰克林没有受伤。在成功地进行了捕捉雷电的风筝实验之后，富兰克林在研究闪电与人工摩擦产生的电的一致性时，他就从两者的类比中作出过这样的推测：既然人工产生的电能被尖端吸收，那么闪电也能被尖端吸收。他由此设计了风筝实验，而风筝实验的成功反过来又证实了他的推测。他由此设想，若能在高物上安置一种尖端装置，就有可能把雷电引入地下。富兰克林把这种避雷装置：把一根数米长的细铁棒固定在高大建筑物的顶端，在铁棒与建筑物之间用绝缘体隔开。然后用一根导线与铁棒底端连接。再将导线引入地下。富兰克林把这种避雷装置称为避雷针。经过试用，果然能起避雷的作用。避雷针的发明是早期电学研究中的第一个有重大应用价值的技术成果。
 
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&lt;P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"&gt;雷电是大气中一种剧烈的放电现象。由于云层相互摩擦、碰撞而使不同的云层带不同的电，当电压达到可以穿过空气的程度以后，临近的两片云层会发生放电现象，产生电花和巨大的响声。放电时的电流可达几万安到十几万安，产生很强的光和声。放电如果通过人体，能够立即致人死亡，如果通过树木、建筑物，巨大的热量和空气的振动都会使它们受到严重的破坏。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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&lt;P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"&gt;避雷针是一种防止直接雷击的装置。它的作用是将高空的雷电引向自身，使之泻入大地，从而保护周围的建筑物。实际上，避雷针在我国出现最早．据《谷梁传》《左传》《淮南子》等著作记载，在我国南北朝时期即出现了为防止雷击而在建筑物上安装&lt;SPAN&gt;“&lt;/SPAN&gt;避雷室&lt;SPAN&gt;”&lt;/SPAN&gt;。宋朝以来，许多建筑物都有不同形式的“雷公柱”。广西真武阁四柱不落地，德庆县文庙四柱不顶天，都是古代建筑师为使厅堂的人有地方避开雷击，消除了电学上所称&lt;SPAN&gt;“&lt;/SPAN&gt;跨步电压&lt;SPAN&gt;”&lt;/SPAN&gt;的危险。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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&lt;P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"&gt;现代避雷针是美国科学家富兰克林发明的。富兰克林认为闪电是一种放电现象。为了证明这一点，他在&lt;SPAN&gt;1752&lt;/SPAN&gt;年&lt;SPAN&gt;7&lt;/SPAN&gt;月的一个雷雨天，冒着被雷击的危险，将一个系着长长金属导线的风筝放飞进雷雨云中，在金属线末端拴了一串铜钥匙。当雷电发生时，富兰克林手接近钥匙，钥匙上迸出一串电火花。手上还有麻木感。幸亏这次传下来的闪电比较弱，富兰克林没有受伤。在成功地进行了捕捉雷电的风筝实验之后，富兰克林在研究闪电与人工摩擦产生的电的一致性时，他就从两者的类比中作出过这样的推测：既然人工产生的电能被尖端吸收，那么闪电也能被尖端吸收。他由此设计了风筝实验，而风筝实验的成功反过来又证实了他的推测。他由此设想，若能在高物上安置一种尖端装置，就有可能把雷电引入地下。富兰克林把这种避雷装置：把一根数米长的细铁棒固定在高大建筑物的顶端，在铁棒与建筑物之间用绝缘体隔开。然后用一根导线与铁棒底端连接。再将导线引入地下。富兰克林把这种避雷装置称为避雷针。经过试用，果然能起避雷的作用。避雷针的发明是早期电学研究中的第一个有重大应用价值的技术成果。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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&lt;P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"&gt;雷电是大气中一种剧烈的放电现象。由于云层相互摩擦、碰撞而使不同的云层带不同的电，当电压达到可以穿过空气的程度以后，临近的两片云层会发生放电现象，产生电花和巨大的响声。放电时的电流可达几万安到十几万安，产生很强的光和声。放电如果通过人体，能够立即致人死亡，如果通过树木、建筑物，巨大的热量和空气的振动都会使它们受到严重的破坏。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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&lt;P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"&gt;避雷针是一种防止直接雷击的装置。它的作用是将高空的雷电引向自身，使之泻入大地，从而保护周围的建筑物。实际上，避雷针在我国出现最早．据《谷梁传》《左传》《淮南子》等著作记载，在我国南北朝时期即出现了为防止雷击而在建筑物上安装&lt;SPAN&gt;“&lt;/SPAN&gt;避雷室&lt;SPAN&gt;”&lt;/SPAN&gt;。宋朝以来，许多建筑物都有不同形式的“雷公柱”。广西真武阁四柱不落地，德庆县文庙四柱不顶天，都是古代建筑师为使厅堂的人有地方避开雷击，消除了电学上所称&lt;SPAN&gt;“&lt;/SPAN&gt;跨步电压&lt;SPAN&gt;”&lt;/SPAN&gt;的危险。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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&lt;P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"&gt;现代避雷针是美国科学家富兰克林发明的。富兰克林认为闪电是一种放电现象。为了证明这一点，他在&lt;SPAN&gt;1752&lt;/SPAN&gt;年&lt;SPAN&gt;7&lt;/SPAN&gt;月的一个雷雨天，冒着被雷击的危险，将一个系着长长金属导线的风筝放飞进雷雨云中，在金属线末端拴了一串铜钥匙。当雷电发生时，富兰克林手接近钥匙，钥匙上迸出一串电火花。手上还有麻木感。幸亏这次传下来的闪电比较弱，富兰克林没有受伤。在成功地进行了捕捉雷电的风筝实验之后，富兰克林在研究闪电与人工摩擦产生的电的一致性时，他就从两者的类比中作出过这样的推测：既然人工产生的电能被尖端吸收，那么闪电也能被尖端吸收。他由此设计了风筝实验，而风筝实验的成功反过来又证实了他的推测。他由此设想，若能在高物上安置一种尖端装置，就有可能把雷电引入地下。富兰克林把这种避雷装置：把一根数米长的细铁棒固定在高大建筑物的顶端，在铁棒与建筑物之间用绝缘体隔开。然后用一根导线与铁棒底端连接。再将导线引入地下。富兰克林把这种避雷装置称为避雷针。经过试用，果然能起避雷的作用。避雷针的发明是早期电学研究中的第一个有重大应用价值的技术成果。&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;
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