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当前位置:首页 > 教学参考> 实验探究> 物理实验室 > 内容详情

电压是导体中产生电流的原因

作者:佚名  人气: 1811 次  时间:2004年10月09日  星级:

目的和要求】

  了解电压是使自由电荷发生定向移动形成电流并维持其存在的原因;

【仪器和器材】

  细橡胶管(长0.6-1米),空罐头盒两个,活塞式抽水机(玻璃式),小灯座2个,6-8伏特小灯泡2个,演示用电表(J0402或J0401)。

【实验方法】

  1.将演示电表与一个小灯泡、单刀开关串联成一个回路,电表用1安培挡,接通开关,电表指针无偏转,说明电路中无电流。

  2.将上面的电路中接入一个蓄电池组(或4节干电池串联使用),如图3.10-1,接通开关,电表指针发生偏转,读出电流值,说明电路中有电流通过。

  3.看看水为什么会流动,如图3.10-2接好水路(甲、乙两容器可用罐头盒自制,在底面焊上出水口,出水口大小刚好能使橡皮管套紧)。让两个学生各拿住一个容器,向甲容器灌上水,让两个学生观察并报告乙容器比甲低、一样高、比甲高时水的流动情况,分析得到水压才是使水流动的原因。

  4.让甲容器比乙容器高,当甲中水快流光时,乙刚好注满,这时水流停止;然后用活塞式抽水机不断地将水从乙抽向甲中,这样能维持水的流动。

  分析:由水的流动需要水压,维持水流需要水源(抽水机抽水)保证水压的存在,进行类比,总结步骤1、2中要在电路产生电流必须有电压存在,电源则是产生电压并维持电流的源泉。

【注意事项】

  电压的概念对刚学习电学知识的初中学生来说比较生疏,考虑教材的安排,演示实验中也通过水流和电流的实验进行类比,形象地引入电压的概念。

  编者提示:本小实验可辅以“电磁学”部分的物理实验教学,以此培养和提高学生的实验能力和素养。


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